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Video HardwareCHAPTER1516 1738 ch15 7/30/04 10:31 AM Page 867

876Chapter 15 Video Hardware High-quality LCD panels of either digital or analog type are great for displaying sharp text and graphics.But they often

Video Display Technologies877your LCD monitor for group presentations. To improve the horizontal viewing area, several ven-dors have developed patente

878Chapter 15 Video HardwareFigure 15.5 How a typical DLP projector works.The earliest DLP projectors used a simple three-color (RGB) wheel, as shown

Video Display Technologies879Figure 15.6 A cross-section of a typical plasma display.Video Adapter TypesA monitor requires a source of input. The sign

880Chapter 15 Video HardwareThe term video adapter applies to either integrated or separate video circuitry. The term graphics adapteris essentially i

Monitor Selection Criteria881NoteOne of the many reasons I don’t recommend low-cost computers sold by major retail stores is because they often are bu

882Chapter 15 Video HardwareAs PC video technology developed, the screen resolutions video adapters support grew at a steadypace. Table 15.2 shows sta

Monitor Selection Criteria883onboard or, if you have motherboard chipset-based video, how much system memory is allocated toyour video function. If yo

884Chapter 15 Video HardwareDot Pitch (CRTs)Another important specification that denotes the quality of a given CRT monitor is its dot pitch,which is

Monitor Selection Criteria885Some of NEC’s monitors use a variation on the aperture grille called the slotted mask, which isbrighter than standard sha

868Chapter 15 Video HardwareVideo Display TechnologiesAlong with the mouse and keyboard, the video display is a vital part of the user interface of an

886Chapter 15 Video HardwareFor more information about interlaced displays, see “Interlaced Versus Noninterlaced” in Chapter 15of Upgrading and Repair

Monitor Selection Criteria887Table 15.4 Display Power Management SignalingState Horizontal Vertical Video Power Savings Recovery TimeOn Pulses Pulses

888Chapter 15 Video HardwareIf you aren’t using a low-emission monitor yet, you can take other steps to protect yourself. The mostimportant is to stay

Monitor Selection Criteria889A flicker-free refresh rate is a refresh rate high enough to prevent you from seeing any flicker. The flicker-free refres

890Chapter 15 Video HardwareNoteBecause CRT monitors are redrawing the screen many times per second, the change in a noninterlaced CRT screen dis-play

Monitor Selection Criteria891Horizontal FrequencyDifferent video resolutions use different horizontal frequencies. For example, the standard VGA reso-

892Chapter 15 Video HardwareFigure 15.9 Typical geometry errors in CRT monitors; these can be corrected on most models that havedigital picture contro

Maintaining Your Monitor893 Display the Microsoft Windows desktop to check for uniform focus and brightness. Are the cornericons as sharp as the rest

894Chapter 15 Video HardwareHow can you tell whether the monitor is really off or in standby mode? Look at the power LCDon the front of the monitor. A

Video Display Adapters895Obsolete Display AdaptersAlthough many types of display systems were at one time considered to be industry standards, few oft

Video Display Technologies869Chapter 15Red, green,and bluephosphorsGlasspanelShadowmaskIntegral implosionprotectionInternalmagneticshieldElectron guna

896Chapter 15 Video Hardware√√ See “Video Adapter BIOS,” p. 523.Other implementations of the VGA differ in their hardware but respond to the same BIOS

Figure 15.10 VGA connector used for SVGA and other VGA-based standards.Table 15.7 Standard 15-Pin VGA Connector PinoutPin # Function Direction Pin # F

898Chapter 15 Video Hardwarethrough additional code added to the VGA BIOS chip itself (the more common solution). The benefitof the VESA BIOS extensio

Video Display Adapters899processors in the 845 and 865 families. Table 15.8 compares the major video features of Intel’s 8xx-series chipsets, which in

900Chapter 15 Video HardwareTable 15.9 Video Features of Current Non-Intel Integrated ChipsetsExternal AGPSupported Integrated Graphics Video Vendor C

Video Display Adapters901Figure 15.11 A typical example of a high-end video card based on the NVIDIA GeForce FX 6800 UltraGPU, a GPU optimized for gam

902Chapter 15 Video HardwareThe Video ProcessorThe video processor, or chipset, is the heart of any video adapter and essentially defines the card’sfu

Video Display Adapters903Video RAMMost video adapters rely on their own onboard memory that they use to store video images whileprocessing them; altho

904Chapter 15 Video HardwareSDRAMSynchronous DRAM (SDRAM) is the same type of RAM used on many current systems based on proces-sors such as the Pentiu

Video Display Adapters905412MHz, versus the 9800 Pro’s 380MHz clock speed. Thus, the 9800 XT supports memory running at730MHz, whereas the 9800 Pro su

870Chapter 15 Video Hardwarevendors have used a variety of trade names to identify their multiple-frequency monitors, including mul-tisync, multifrequ

906Chapter 15 Video HardwareTable 15.12 ContinuedColor MemoryResolution Depth Max. Colors Required Memory Used1024×768 16-bit 65,536 2MB 1,572,864 byt

Video Display Adapters907Table 15.13 ContinuedActual Onboard VideoColor Z-Buffer Buffer Memory Memory SizeResolution Depth Depth Mode Used Required102

908Chapter 15 Video HardwareWindows Can’t Display More Than 256 ColorsIf you have a video card with 1MB or more of video memory, but the Windows Displ

Video Display Adapters909√√ See “Accelerated Graphics Port,” p. 364.√√ See “The PCI Bus,” p. 358.√√ See “PCI–Express,” p. 362.The Accelerated Graphics

910Chapter 15 Video Hardwarevideo cards support AGP 8x; however, differences in GPU design, memory bus design, and core andmemory clock speed mean (as

Video Display Adapters911Video drivers generally are designed to support the processor on the video adapter. All video adapterscome equipped with driv

912Chapter 15 Video HardwareTable 15.16 Using Graphics Acceleration Settings to Troubleshoot Windows XPAcceleration Setting When to Use Effect of Sett

Video Display Adapters913Moving the slider to the None setting (the far left) adds the SafeMode=2 directive to the [Windows]section of the Win.ini fil

914Chapter 15 Video HardwareAfter the hardware is in place, you can configure the display for each monitor from the Display controlpanel’s Settings pa

Video Display Adapters915Most recent video cards with multiple-monitor support feature a 15-pin analog VGA connector forCRTs, a DVI-I digital/analog c

Video Display Technologies871DVI—Digital Signals for CRT MonitorsThe latest trend in CRT monitor design is the use of digital input signals using the

916Chapter 15 Video HardwareAs Table 15.18 notes, some video cards that use a chipset capable of multiple-monitor support mightnot provide the additio

3D Graphics Accelerators917most video adapters began to take on many of the tasks involved in rendering 3D images, greatly less-ening the load on the

918Chapter 15 Video Hardwareapplications use another process, called MIP mapping, which uses different versions of the sametexture that contain varyin

3D Graphics Accelerators919by real-life fighter pilots—is placed in front of dynamically changing graphics (such as scenery, otheraircraft, sky detail

920Chapter 15 Video Hardware T-buffer. This technology eliminates aliasing (errors in onscreen images due to an undersampledoriginal) in computer gra

3D Graphics Accelerators921Single- Versus Multiple-Pass RenderingVarious video card makers handle application of these advanced rendering techniques d

922Chapter 15 Video HardwareApplication Programming InterfacesApplication programming interfaces (APIs) provide hardware and software vendors a means

3D Graphics Accelerators923The following manufacturers’ products are not included in Table 15.20 for the reasons listed: 3Dfx Interactive. Out of bus

924Chapter 15 Video HardwareTable 15.20 ContinuedManufacturer: ATIProgram-mable Hard- Vertex GPU DirectX ware Rendering Shader Memory Mfr. (Codename)

3D Graphics Accelerators925Table 15.20 ContinuedManufacturer: MatroxProgram-mable Hard- Vertex GPU DirectX ware Rendering Shader Memory Mfr. (Codename

872Chapter 15 Video HardwareFigure 15.3 Note the small footprint of this 15'' LCD, which makes these panels ideal for use in crampedquarters

926Chapter 15 Video HardwareTable 15.20 ContinuedManufacturer: NVIDIAProgram-mable Hard- Vertex GPU/Card DirectX ware Rendering Shader Memory Mfr. (

Upgrading or Replacing Your Video Card927Table 15.20 ContinuedManufacturer: SiSProgram-mable Hard- Vertex GPU/Card DirectX ware Rendering Shader Mem

928Chapter 15 Video HardwareIn many cases, a single device provides both features. However, if you need better 3D performance orfeatures, more memory,

Upgrading or Replacing Your Video Card929NoteWith the rise in popularity of Linux, many graphics card and GPU vendors now provide downloadable Linux d

930Chapter 15 Video HardwareVideo Cards for MultimediaMultimedia—including live full-motion video feeds, videoconferencing, and animations—has becomea

Video Cards for Multimedia931Table 15.22 Television Versus Computer MonitorsStandard Year Est. Country Lines RateTelevisionNTSC 1953 (color) U.S., Jap

932Chapter 15 Video HardwareSuper VHS and Hi-8 video sources give better results, as do configurations using more than 256colors. For the best results

Video Cards for Multimedia933playback, but they typically do not deliver the same quality or compression ratio. Following are twoof the major codec al

934Chapter 15 Video HardwareIn addition, many graphics cards with TV-in, such as ATI’s Radeon-based All-in-Wonder series andNVIDIA’s Personal Cinema F

Video Cards for Multimedia935Table 15.24 Multimedia Device ComparisonDevice Type Pros ConsGraphics card with built-in Convenience; single-slot soluti

Video Display Technologies873How LCDs WorkIn an LCD, a polarizing filter creates two separate light waves. The polarizing filter allows light wavestha

936Chapter 15 Video HardwareTable 15.25 ContinuedDevice Type Problem SolutionsAll devices Video capture is jerky. Frame rate is too low. Increasing it

Adapter and Display Troubleshooting937Servicing monitors is a slightly different proposition. Although a display often is replaced as a wholeunit, som

938Chapter 15 Video Hardwaremodels. Even factory service technicians often lack proper documentation and service information fornewer models; they usu

Adapter and Display Troubleshooting939Troubleshooting Video Cards and DriversProblemDisplay works in DOS but not in Windows.SolutionIf you have an acc

940Chapter 15 Video HardwareDisplayMateDisplayMate is a unique diagnostic and testing program designed to thoroughly test your video adapter and displ

874Chapter 15 Video HardwareHitachi’s Super-IPS technology also rearranges the liquid crystal molecules into a zig-zag pattern,rather than the typical

Video Display Technologies875Figure 15.4 Conventional VGA cards, CRTs, and analog-compatible LCDs use the standard VGA connec-tor. Early digital LCDs